Lorca’s play on tragic love

Lorca’s play on tragic love, The House of Bernarda Alba, is his last complete play. It is interpreted as a metaphor of repression with its theme focused on frustration, honour and death. The play contains both the passion and the torment in the intense struggle of a group of women held in check even from the thought of love by a tyrannical mother, Bernarda. The play investigates and provides a response, but not a solution, to the problems of oppression, transgression, sexuality and being a victim. Bernarda’s strict rule is as powerful as the wilful nature of the youngest woman who betrays the family.Her ability to satisfy her sexual desire symbolically shatters the order of extreme repression and absolute control. Her rebellion and death mark the reasons and effects of the repressed atmosphere. Ultimate protest, despair, and madness emphasize the even more extreme control, unhealthy fear, mindlessness, and especially silence that befall the women who remain in the house . However more scrutinizing approach to the issue of victim in the play reveals that not only Bernarda’s daughters appear as victims but Bernarda herself being a victimizer is a victim.Bernarda Alba is the mother, a dramatic personality, whose words carry the authority of the supreme ruler and whose life shows little emotion. In this austerity she rules her household, never sparing from her wrath anyone who attempts to revoke the stifling atmosphere she has superimposed on herself and her daughters. As a result, all – Bernarda, the daughters, the servants – exist in darkness and depression ultimately leading to sterility of emotions and finally to suicide.Bernarda is a selfish and tyrannical matron who eventually forces her daughters into the despair. They lose every vestige of hope; this loss leads directly to the moral death of each daughter and to the physical death of the youngest. Slowly, but unequivocally, Bernarda drains the minds and hearts of her daught ers until they become as white and barren as the walls of their physical prison the metaphor of which is conveyed by the visual nature of the house with its thick walls and a few windows and doors leading to the outside world.However, this significant visual image exceeds its literal meaning and, above all, represents a sociocultural institution keeping all the main characters of the play in subordination to social dogmas and rules. Within the confines of its walls Bernarda and her family repeat the old traditions, like many generations of women that preceded them. This repetitive and collective act obliterates the uniqueness of the individual for the sake of preserving patriarchal hegemony.When reading The House of Bernarda Alba it becomes obvious that the play’s most powerful strength is in its dialogues, while the characters are limited in their movement and space within a closed location. By dint of auditory means, Lorca reaches the explication of the contrast between gir ls and their mother. This contrast is emphasized by the other devices like contras of black and white, and these two colours are highlighted throughout the play: the black dresses of the women in mourning, in contrast to the very white walls of the house.Moreover, Bernarda’s authoritarian voice stands out as she commands, â€Å"Silence! † [p. 161] at the opening, throughout, and end of the play, closely related in each case to the death of one member of the family and the spiritual death of those living. Despite Bernarda’s call for silence, other sounds succeed in penetrating the thick walls and contribute to define the nature of their society and the dichotomy between life inside and outside the house. Bernarda’s house is a household without men. This is by fate as well as by author’s intention to establish controversial circumstances.Upon the death of her husband, she must assume the patriarchal role of protecting her daughters’ honour and forbids the presence of men within the confines of the house, thus limiting the world her daughters are allowed to know. Her house is clearly governed by patriarchal forces. Pepe el Romano, the male character we do not see but hear about, is the strongest motivating force in the play. Bernarda’s authoritarian discourse stubbornly reproduces what she learned from her father and her grandfather.This concept associates property with social class, as Bernarda is well aware. When one of her daughters has the opportunity of marrying, she does not allow it: â€Å"BERNARDA, loudly. – I'd do it a thousand times over! My blood won't mingle with the Humanas' while I live! His father was a shepherd. † (p. 191). The situation within the walls of her house would have been quite different had Bernarda found enough men of her social condition to marry her daughters. Lorca indicts society, and the reader might be inclined to condemn Bernarda as well.Although she is not aware of it, Bernarda is a victim turned victimizer. In the same way that her daughter, Adela, is symbolically suffocated by her mother’s oppression, as she commits suicide by hanging, Bernarda’s maternal feelings have been suffocated by society. As a widow, she uses her newly found powers to perpetuate those values that benefit men. She becomes their accomplice. Her husband was a womanizer, and she claims that men should enjoy the freedom of the streets. Women should be confined in the house, against their natural instincts.Bernarda is, at best, an imperfect man, as exemplified in her failed attempt to use the gun —a phallic symbol. BERNARDA: The gun! Where's the gun? She rushes out. La Poncia runs ahead of her. Amelia enters and looks on frightened, leaning her head against the wall. Behind her comes Martirio. ADELA: No one can hold me back! She tries to go out. [†¦] A shot is heard. BERNARDA, entering: Just try looking for him now! MARTIRIO, entering: That does away with Pepe el Romano. ADELA: Pepe! My God! Pepe! She runs out. PONCIA: Did you kill him?MARTIRIO: No. He raced away on his mare! BERNARDA: It was my fault. A woman can't aim (p. 210) Within the play another mother figure, Maria Josefa, vehemently distances herself from Bernarda and approaches Adela, thus leaving Bernarda without support and helpless. She sings a lullaby while holding a â€Å"baby† (a lamb) in her arms, an act that Bernarda – devoid of maternal instincts – seems incapable of performing. Bernarda as a mother figure becomes dehumanized and therefore closer to the dimensions of a grotesque caricature.At the beginning of the play the maid La Poncia threatens Bernarda’s public image with her gossip. At the end of the play, and despite Bernarda’s call for silence, we know that the neighbours have awakened. The thick walls have been rendered useless and the tyrannical figure of Bernarda fall a prey to societal judgement. Bibliography L ORCA, Federico Garcia Three Tragedies: Blood Wedding, Yerma, Bernarda Alba. Translated by J. G. Lujan and R. L. O'Connell. New York, New Directions Publishing, 1955.

The Comparison Between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory

The Comparison between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory There are very distinct differences between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Counselling but both ultimately offer the help and guidance to discover why we act the way we do and why we make certain choices in our lives. Throughout this essay, I will endeavour to explain those major differences and you will see that despite these completely different methods of therapy, depending on what the problem maybe, they can both work very effectively in their own way. Carl Rogers, born in 1902, was the originator of the Person Centred Approach or Humanistic Theory.His work was influenced by his experience of being a client and a counsellor (Casemore, 2006) and he believed a trusting relationship was essential in helping the client to grow and develop in order that they could cope with difficulties in a more effective manner and to function more effectively. There is a strong emphasis of the need for counsellors to think of their clients as people rather than impersonal bodies. Characteristics important for effectiveness in the counsellor/client relationship are congruence, where the counsellor must be genuinely themselves, a complete and whole person.Empathic, which is the ability to understand and appreciate the clients perspective. To ‘live’ in their world and accept who they are unconditionally and unconditional positive regard which involves accepting the client completely and in a non-judgemental way. Rogers believed that all humans have a natural desire for personal growth and potential so that they can take responsibility for their own actions and the way they live their lives. This view is called the Actualising Tendency. He believed that everybody had an inner need to wholeness.The self-concept is also important in Person Centred Counselling. This relates to the individuals perception or the way in which they see themselves based on life experiences and attitudes from those important people arou nd them when they were young. Abraham Maslow is another theorist whose contribution to the Person Centred Approach is very significant. He proposed a hierarchy of needs which he believed were responsible for human motivation and drive. They are as follows: Physiological Needs – These are biological needs.They consist of needs for oxygen, food, and water. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the person's search for satisfaction. Safety Needs – When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs for security can become active. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness – When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge.Needs for Esteem – When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become domi nant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Needs for Self-Actualization – When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a person's need to be and do that which the person was â€Å"born to do. † According to Maslow it is possible for people to work towards self-actualisation by practising behaviours which encourage the development of confidence and openness.These include; trying new experiences and to challenge oneself, to assume responsibility, strive to be honest and to develop a capacity to trust onself, Both Maslow and Rogers had very similar views. Maslow believed that the most basic drive was to become the person that one is capable of becoming and Rogers believed that the basic drive was to become the person that one truly is. Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapy, based on the experiential ideal of â€Å"here and now†, and relationships with others and the world, and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s (Wikipidia 2004).Perls did not belive in a single particular theory. He thought you should always just go with the flow and work with what you have and what is happening in the now. He placed great importance on the client becoming self aware and thus developed the Gestalt theory. This therapy focuses more on process (what is happening) than content (what is being discussed). The emphasis is on what is being done, thought and felt at the moment rather than on what was, might be, could be, or should be.Perls believed in minipulating the client, bringing them out of their comfort zone and challenging them. To own what you say and do and to be aware of unconscious actions/words. In the 1950's Eric Berne began to develop his theories of Transactional Analysis. He said that verbal communication, particularly face to face, is at the centre of hum an social relationships and psychoanalysis. His starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, one of them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus.The reaction from the other person he called the Transaction Response. The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who responds is called the Respondent. Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the transaction wherein: ‘I do something to you, and you do something back'. Berne also said that each person is made up of three alter ego states: Parent – This is our ingrained voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young. Child – Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the ‘Child'.This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within each of us. When anger or despair dominates reason, the Child is in control. Adult – Our ‘Adult' is our ability to think a nd determine action for ourselves, based on received data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control. If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult. Transactional Analysis is effectively a language within a language; a language of true meaning, feeling and motive.It can help you in every situation, firstly through being able to understand more clearly what is going on, and secondly, by virtue of this knowledge, we give ourselves choices of what ego states to adopt, which signals to send, and where to send them. This enables us to make the most of all our communications and therefore create, develop and maintain better relationships (Businessballs. com) Looking at the Psychodynamic side, Freud took the view that human beings are never free from their behaviours, thoughts and feelings.That we are governed by past events and reinact them in our present. Sigmund Freud is the fat her of the Psychodynamic Theory. This focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality. According to Freud the human mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden in the unconscious. He believed that the conscious level of the mind was similar to the tip of the iceberg which could be seen, but the unconscious was mysterious and was hidden. The unconscious also consists of aspects of personality of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other hand is that which is within our awareness.The preconscious consists of that which is not in immediate awareness but is easily accessible (Himmat Rana 1997) Freud believed the personality is made up of three parts. They are: Id – the oldest part and present from birth and necessary for survival. The Ego – realistic awareness of self and of the world. Has evolved through contact with the external world and is determined by the individuals own experiences. Acts as mediator between the id and the superego and the Superego â⠂¬â€œ parental and social influences. Moral judgement and conscience.Main function is to curb he demands of the id. When anxiety occurs, the mind first responds by an increase in problem-solving thinking, seeking rational ways of escaping the situation. If this is not fruitful, a range of defence mechanisms may be triggered. In Freud's language, these are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal with the Id and the Super Ego. Freud's Defence Mechanisms include:  ·Denial: claiming/believing that what is true to be actually false.  ·Displacement: redirecting emotions to a substitute target. Intellectualization: taking an objective viewpoint.  ·Projection: attributing uncomfortable feelings to others.  ·Rationalization: creating false but credible justifications.  ·Reaction Formation: overacting in the opposite way to the fear.  ·Regression: going back to acting as a child.  ·Repression: pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the subconscious.  ·Sublimation: redirecting ‘wrong' urges into socially acceptable actions. Carl Jung was an associate of Freud who disagreed on a number of issues and finally broke away from Freud with his own ideas.He developed Analytical Psychology and it consists of the following; The collective unconscious – This is the deepest part of the psyche which contains all experiences that are inherited. The Personal Unconscious – This is material that was once conscious but has become forgotton or suppressed. Jung referred to the universal ideas and images of the collective unconscious as archetypes. These are original forms which all human beings in all societies recognise. Archetypes can also appear in shared emotional experience and these unconscious ideas and patterns of thought are likely to surface during momentous events such as birth and death.This shared psychological experience was regarded by Jung as evidence of a collective unconscious. There are four major archetypes of the collective unconscio us: The word â€Å"persona† means a mask and refers to the outward appearance which people use in everyday life. The word â€Å"anima† refers to the unconscious female quality in the male and the word â€Å"animus† refers to the unconscious male quality in the female. The shadow is the inferior being within us which is primitive and animal. It is also the personal unconscious is similar to Freuds concept of the id.The term â€Å"self† describes a state of complete integration of all the separate elements of personality (Hough 1994) Alfred Adler broke away from Freuds school and set up his own called individual psychology. He believed that personality developed through sibling order and placed emphasis on the social development of man. He viewed people as mostly conscious rather than unconscious. For Adler, it was useless to focus on drives and impulses without giving attention to how the person creatively directs the drives. Adler believed that inferiorit y feelings are the source of all human striving.All individual progress, growth and development result from the attempt to compensate for one's inferiorities. Feeling unattractive, or don't belong somewhere. Not strong enough or smart enough. So everyone is trying to overcome something that is hampering them from becoming what they want to become. The meaning of superiority is like self-realization. The striving for perfections is innate in the sense that it is a part of life. Throughout a person's life, Adler believed, he or she is motivated by the need to overcome the sense of inferiority and strive for ever higher levels of development.Everything Adler says ties into the lifestyle. For Adler, meanings are not determined by situation, but we are self-determined by the meaning we attribute to a situation. Melanie Klein had a significant impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory. According to Klein, the infant's world was threatened from the beginning by intolerable anxieties, whose source she believed to be the infant's own death instinct.These â€Å"persecutory† anxieties, which were felt in the infant's own bodily needs as well as from the external frustrations to those needs, were overwhelming to the infant, and in order to combat them the infant resorted to defenses whose aim was to isolate her from them. Through these primitive defenses—projection, denial, splitting, withdrawal, and â€Å"omnipotent control† of these objects—the infant put threatening, â€Å"bad† objects, outside herself and into the external world; simultaneously, she preserved the â€Å"good† objects, both within herself and externally, by splitting them off from their malevolent counterparts.Perhaps the most fundamental of these processes were projection and introjection, which described the infant's first, primitive attempts to differentiate himself from the w orld, inside from outside, self from other, based on the prototype of oral incorporation (and spitting out) and the infant's relation to his first, nurturing/frustrating object, the mother's breast. In Bowlby's approach, the child is considered to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal social and emotional development will not occur.However, different relationship experiences can lead to different developmental outcomes. A number of attachment styles in infants with distinct characteristics have been identified known as secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious attachment and disorganized attachment. These can be measured in both infants and adults Attachment is an affectional tie that one person forms between him/herself and another specific one (usually the parent) — a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.Attachment theory states that attachment is a developmental process based on the evolved adaptive t endency for young children to maintain proximity to a familiar person, called the attachment figure. Four different attachment styles have been identified in children: secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, and disorganized. Secure Attachment – The child protests the mother's departure and quiets promptly on the mother's return, accepting comfort from her and returning to exploration.Avoidant Attachment – The child shows little to no signs of distress at the mother's departure, a willingness to explore the toys, and little to no visible response to the mother's return. Ambivalent Attachment – The child shows sadness on the mother's departure, ability to be picked up by the stranger and even ‘warm' to the stranger, and on the mother's return, some ambivalence, signs of anger, reluctance to ‘warm' to her and return to play. Disorganized Attachment – The child presents stereotypes upon the mother's return after separation, such as freezing for several seconds or rocking.This appears to indicate the child's lack of coherent coping strategy. Children who are classified as disorganized are also given a classification as secure, ambivalent or avoidant based on their overall reunion behavior. â€Å"The main differences between the two therapies are that the Psychodynamic Theory centres on the past experiences of the client. By using dream interpretation, free association and others, it concentrates on looking at childhood experiences and normal or abnormal development. Humanistic is based on the clients interpretation of what is happening in the here and now.It allows the client to express himself without having to look in the past†. (Wiki. answers. com) Rogers believed that the counselling relationship was based on mutuality, in which both the client and the counsellor are of equal importance whereas in Psychodynamic Counselling the Counsellor is regarded as the expert. Bibliography Person Centred Counselling by R oger Casemore, 2006, Sage Publications A Practical Approach to Counselling by Margaret Hough, 1994, Pittman Publishing Sigmund Freud by Himmat Rana 1997 www. Wikipedia/Fritz_Perls Businessballs. com

Of Mice and Men Question “Lennie’s big fingers fell to stroking her hair” Essay

The pathetic figure of Lennie seems to symbolise mankind in its search for love. Do you agree? How does Steinbeck treat this theme in Of Mice and Men? In the book, Of Mice and Men, Lennie an opposite extreme to George; George is quite smart but not very tall or exceptionally strong, Lennie on the other hand is extremely stupid and very tall with exceptional strength. The way Steinbeck writes about Lennie, the audience feels great pity for him; the dialogue is very basic and he has trouble remembering simple tasks like keeping silent. The way he speaks can be related to the same way a three year old speaks; Lennie has the same sort of mind as a three year and is pleased by the same things. He has an affinity to touch everything and that is how he came to be stroking the lady’s hair. The way Lennie acts, speaks and looks creates a strong sympathy for him in the readers mind and Steinbeck plays on this to give the overall plot of the story. The idea that Lennie symbolises mankind in its search for love is what I believe is not a very good theory. The main basis for this is because Lennie does not understand what love is and the idea that man’s job in life is to look for love does not appeal to me. I do not think that a man goes around looking for love but love finds him, George did not ask to be loved by Lennie or to even take him on, he was offered and he made a promise. The only way which I believe that a man looks for love is through what he enjoys doing. If you love playing football then you are in search of your chance to be a footballer, you are in search of your love. This is the only in which I think this theme works in Of Mice and Men. Lennie loves George in a way which he does not understand, but George has grown to love him through their escapades together. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses love in a lot of ways; one way is George’s love of his dream. George fantasizes about owning his own little cottage with land he can farm on, he loves his dream and wishes it to come true. Lennie loves all creatures be it mice or puppies, he adores them and just loves to pet them and stroke them like a toddler loves to touch anything it can lay it’s hands on. Candy loved his dog and spent all his time with it, Curley loves boxing and spends most of his time practicing with his fists, Curley’s wife loves acting and deeply regrets missing her chance. Love plays a great part in Of Mice and Men, but nothing is as strong as the love between Lenny and George, George only realises how much he loves Lennie when Lennie is under the death sentence. George risks his own life to save Lennie and he realises that he will thoroughly miss Lennie. The theme that man is in search of love is also incorporated into Of Mice and Men by Steinbeck’s pen. George is in search of his dream cottage and every possible way to get it, the cottage is his love and he would go to no extreme to reach it. Lennie’s love is of keeping a heard of rabbits, he is constantly referring to them in the book and would love to have them. However he is letting George pursue the search to get them for him because he is completely incapable of getting them himself. Crooks is in search of finding friends to sit and talk with or being accepted by the other men on the ranch. His love is gain friends and become one of the â€Å"gang† and be allowed to play cards with them in the bunkhouse. Curley is in search of becoming a boxer, he loves using his fists and he is searching for his chance to become a boxer again. Curley’s Wife is constantly searching for her chance to escape from Curley and become and actress, she loves acting so she is in search for a career in acting. The idea of searching for love is incorporated a lot into Of Mice and Men; every main character is in search of his or her love whether it be human, animal or even a career.

Discussion Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion Topic - Essay Example If you havent already memorized them, they are: Objective, Offensive, and Mass, Economy of Force, Maneuver, Unity of Command, Security, Surprise and Simplicity. To what extent, if any, do Chinese views follow or depart from the modern principles, and why?   Your opinions are welcome, but back them up with evidence. Sun-Tzu was talking about strategy as contained in his book The Art of War. The writing that says â€Å"the army is established by deceit, moves for advantage, and changes through segmenting and reuniting† must not be taken literally. Sun-Tzu was talking metaphorically. By deceit, he meant the confidentiality and secrecy character of a military organization. A military organization’s objective is to win war wars not to be honest. Divulging one’s military capability blunts its capacity for offensive. One must not be â€Å"truthful† or â€Å"candid† about the status of its military otherwise the enemy would plan against it and could easily defeat it. By â€Å"moves for advantage, and changes through segmenting and reuniting† just meant that a military organization adapts to a situation or its maneuverability by regrouping and when he mentioned â€Å"its speed is like the wind, its slowness like the forest; its invasion and plundering like a f ire; unmoving it is like the mountains. It is as difficult to know as the darkness; in movement it is like thunder", Sun-Tzu merely described the offensive capability of a military organization through a unified command. These Chinese views about military tactics and strategies may sound ancient but is still actually present in today’s military tactics. Sun-Tzu just talked the language of his day but he actually talked about â€Å"classified nature of the military†, regrouping, organization, timing of attack and speedy response of military action. Much of military strategy and tactics today   are derived from the principles of Sun-Tzu

Financial Statement Analysis & Security Valuation Essay

Financial Statement Analysis & Security Valuation - Essay Example The Morrison plc relies on the viable, competitive benefits and the corporate picture or image regards for improvement the strategic requirements. The financial analysis will make use of Reformulation, ratio, valuation using AOP and FCF model (including sensitivity and WACC calculation) to help in creating a meaningful summary of information based on financial statement of the company. The exhibited big difference between cost of goods sold (CGS) to sales and selling, general and administrative expense to sales indicates that Morrison Plc classify their costs based on the major expense category differently. The unexpected dividend changes normally results to the signaling effects and wealth-transfer. The transfer of the wealth between the debt holders and the equity holders in the market depends on the unexpected changes in the market; hence, the wealth transfers in the market (Fabozzi & Grant 2000, 87). The signaling effect is the change in the stock prices in the market with the unexpected change in the dividend. The unexpected increase in dividend will normally signal the decrease in the price of the stock in the market. The dividend is a significant determinant of the operation in the market because it determines the future earnings of the managers in the market. The higher dividend implies that the managers are reducing the agency problems between them and th eir shareholders; hence, they will be able to involve the shareholders in the increase of stock price (MacMinn, 2005, p. 20). The dividend policy determines the payment of which the business will pay to its shareholders. It determines whether the business will be paying the fraction of the profit to the shareholders, or they will be keeping the whole profit in the business (Baker & Kolb 2009). The dividend policy determines the image the firm will be able to uphold in the market especially to the investors. The market

The Advantages of Homlessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Advantages of Homlessness - Essay Example The freedom that a homeless person would have from these bills would be unimaginable to some. There would be a great deal of financial freedom if one were homeless, but one would need to consider as well where they could find shelter in the event of bad weather conditions. I would not choose to be homeless due to this reason. One would replace the worry of constant bill paying with the worry of finding safe and adequate shelter, sometimes on short notice. In addition, if one has children, being homeless is simply not a viable option. Children require stability and protection. The choice to be homeless would need to be made by adults with no children involved. I feel that personally, I would not be comfortable with the uncertainty of homelessness, the not being able to call the place my own. I would prefer to be a slave to work as it is then a slave to freedom. Freedom comes a price. If I had the power, however, to make and execute a social policy which would bring equality between classes, I would develop a policy that ensured essentially equal provisions for all. I would first implement a system that provided socialized health care for each and every individual who needed it. It would also provide for housing to any person or persons who needed or wanted to house. There would be no such thing as forced homelessness. If individuals chose to be homeless, there would be shelters established simply for their need for temporary shelter.   No one would be turned away at any time unless they were not following rules or laws. The rules would be simply to respect others at all times and no illegal activities.

Organization implications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organization implications - Essay Example The merit pay systems emphasizes on the fact that teachers are to be paid for their achievement in the classroom as opposed to their seniority or the number of ed-school credits that they have collected. This paper will discuss the merit pay system and teacher performance in public schools The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 put the merit system principles into law, specifically section 2301 of title 5 of the U.S. Code. It was set as a national policy intended â€Å"to provide the people of the United States with a competent, honest, and productive workforce...and to improve the quality of public service, Federal personnel management should be implemented consistent with merit system principles† (Pfiffner & Brook, 2000). Since then, the merit system and its principles have been implemented both in the public sector and in private sector in the country. The merit system can be defined as a personnel system applied in the process of hiring and promoting government employees based on merit to obtain the highest efficiency in public personnel functions. The application of the merit system in the public education sector has brought about unending controversies especially with the merit pay issue. The merit pay systems emphasizes on the fact that teachers are to be paid for their achievement in the classroom as opposed to their seniority or the number of ed-school credits that they have collected as it has been done from the 1920s period. Reformers in the education system including the government have emphasized that the merit pay will encourage high performing teachers to do well and drive the lazy ones away, thereby improving the performance of public schools. However, teachers’ unions have continually opposed the move stating that there is no objective way of measuring the classroom performance of a teacher. In addition to this, opposing views have pointed to the fact that the merit pay system has a high chance of failing

Critical and evaluative intellectual biography of Jean-Noel Kapferer 3 Essay - 1

Critical and evaluative intellectual biography of Jean-Noel Kapferer 3 articles - Essay Example Although many managers feel that investment in luxury business is one of best ways to remain profitable, they fail to understand the nature of the products and the best way to approach the market to optimize organization profits. Through a series of research based articles, Kapferer eliminates the vagueness that hinders understanding of luxury brands and provides an approach to invest in luxury business by analysing the client behaviour and their purchasing patterns. Through creation of brand awareness, Kapferer has managed to influence the contemporary business strategies. A close analysis of Kapferer’s contribution the design of the luxury brands will show his great influence in the business market. The main area of focus of Kapferer has been in modern business, especially in the branding of luxury brands. He has dedicated a number of his works to the luxury market that for long has become vague, putting the managers at the risk of failure in this market. His strong background in business is linked to his great experience and knowledge in the field of business. Kapferer is MBA holder from HEC Paris and PhD in North-western University in USA. Currently, he serves as a professor as HEC Business school, one of the schools that have won the first position among Europe business school. Overtime, Kapferer has developed the skill of indepth and critical analysis of brands with the aim of providing product design strategies that can be applied in the practical business environment. He has produced a number of books in different languages that have become brand icons in the business environment. His experience as a business consultant in the international business environment has contri buted to his influence in the business environment (Kapferer, 1996). Having identified the vagueness that exists in the understanding of luxury products, Kapferer seeks to provide disambiguation through an in-depth analysis of the factors

Case study (quize) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study (quize) - Essay Example Hong Kong is concerned, people are not just hurry to possess a product, but rather they seek the epistemic benefits from new Apple’s variant iPhone. Epistemic benefit refers to a benefit customers seek to acquire from a product’s capacity to satisfy his their curiosity, novelty and to meet a desire for newer knowledge. People rushing in Hong Kong to get Apple’s iPhone show severe propensity to adopt new product which is designed and implemented sophisticated technology (Piller and Tseng, 2010, p. 167). Suppose, if any one out of these people came to meet their need for enjoyment with Apple’s iPhone 4S, it can rather be viewed as Hedonic benefit. As compared to the competition, the benefit doesn’t seem to be unique. When new technology or highly differentiated product comes to market, it is quite common that customers show curiosity to obtain one. A unique value or unique benefit is a set of benefits or values that the company promises to deliver to the consumers to satisfy their needs (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005, p. 12). For Apple’s newly launched iPhone 4S, the unique value propositions and unique benefits may include its sophisticated technology, advanced user-friendly interface etc. What motivated customers to rush in to an Apple’s IFC store in Hong Kong was the curiosity to possess the new variant of Apple phone and therefore this benefit is not a unique one. Apart from Apple brand fanatic customers who lined up in the rushing queue, there were others who thought to make profits by reselling iPhones to more demanded customers in other areas anticipating higher demands for the same from customers. Unique values and core competencies that the company offered to customers are more seemingly to attract wider numbers of customers and that was the reason why people were eager to obtain more pieces of iPhones such as 300. Core competencies are part of value chain that make a unique and value-added contribution to the business. As Kerin, Hartley and

Nutrition and Dietetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Nutrition and Dietetics - Essay Example Among the most common lifestyle, medical complications associated to poor dietary include obesity, diabetes and ulcers among others. This implies that food is an important determinant of the spread and the ability of individuals to manage their medical histories. The dietary balance provides an effective means of eradicating some of the diseases. Nutritionists carry out extensive researches through which they determine the best foods and nutritious value in the foods thus influencing patients’ diet in order to fasten the healing process. The body requires adequate energy to facilitate such basic functions as respiration. After ensuring the provision of such basic amounts of energy to the body, the nutritionists thus engage in the discovery of nutritious content that influence the genes of the patients thus hastening the healing process. Nutrigenomics help nutritionists by providing the relationship between nutrients and the numerous diets. Effective research in the branch of n utritional genomics thus helps determine the most appropriate food for diverse medical conditions (Artemis, 2010). Study of genotype in the treatment approach to T1DM Genetics plays a role in T1DM . There is a genetic predisposition in the occurrence of the disease. This is related to Mendelian genetics where the expression of the genes is based on the dominant or the recessive ones. This is where the phenotypic expression of the genes or allele come into play in the treatment used or T1DM. In doing this, the treatment adopts an approach which looks for expressive genes for insulinase. Any defects noted in relation to this are then noted earlier for the adoption of the right lifestyle factors. All this is made possible y learning the genotype in terms of allele expression. Muller (2003) notes that adopting an approapriate risk free lifestyle should then be embraced. Insulin in the genotype of T1DM The absence of insulin in the body thus results in the increase of the blood sugar lev el as the glucose levels go unregulated. Diabetes mellitus is the most common diabetes. The causes of the disease vary with most being lifestyle complications. The study of genotype is fundamental in the treatment and prevention of the disease since among the most common causes includes the ingestion of more sugar. As stated earlier, Nutrigenomics is the study of the relationship between nutrients in the foods people eat and the structure of the cells. This makes Nutrigenomics integral in the formulation of effective dietary combinations to help mitigate the susceptibility of the form of diabetes. Researches have shown that the disease arises from numerous eating disorders, which Nutrigenomics can therefore help alleviate. Possible Solution to T1DM Currently, the above condition presents a challenge to the medical world. This is because the condition has no known therapeutic cure. In fact, the condition can only be managed administered insulin shots. However, the appropriate solutio n as presented by Brethauer (2013) would be to adopt an appropriate attitude and behavior in terms of nutrition as well as lifestyle. One should exercise frequently and avoid potential risks such as fatty and sugary foodstuffs. Limitations of the study of genotype in the treatment of T1DM However, Nutrigenomics has several limitations key among which is that it takes time. Unlike drugs that

WASSENAAR ARRANGEMENT ON EXPORT CONTROLS FOR CONVENTIONAL ARMS AND Essay

WASSENAAR ARRANGEMENT ON EXPORT CONTROLS FOR CONVENTIONAL ARMS AND DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES - Essay Example This regime must define the tools under control through identifying software characteristics that are malicious and placing them to export controls (Granick & Fidler 2014, p.1). It has 41 states, and each state implements its arrangement separately. Legally it is not binding and is not a treaty. Some sellers would be required to obtain licenses if implemented in United States. It will bring controls on IP network surveillance systems and intrusion. Software intrusion includes a wide range of used and legitimately traded network security tools. What the provision of IP network surveillance means to vendors over information exercise control inflow and outflow in this network system (Granick & Fidler 2014, p.2). The limitation of the languages is that it is designed to avoid security features on a device. Software exports also have debate issues on how to regulate computers vulnerabilities in the market and encryption export controls. Application of software intrusion is on military weapons and knowledge exchange. Weaknesses of Wassenaar arrangement is that some defectors are allowed to access opportunities due to lack of implementation and the black market an d software are easily transferable (Granick & Fidler 2014, p.3). In conclusion, the aim of Wassenaar is to report members exporting information and destabilizing accumulations of technologies and dual-use items. There is the need for clarity of this changes and objections as countries start implementing them. Clarity will enhance sustainability of these

Events During the Cold War Essay Example for Free

Events During the Cold War Essay The Cold War was a very terrible war that started in 1945 between the United States and the Soviet Union and lasted 45 years. The Cold War got its name because both sides were too afraid to fight each other directly. They used words against each other to make the enemy look dumb and foolish. They fought through many other wars, too afraid of nuclear attacks directly hitting them. These wars caused great devastation across the globe. This war had started because the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism across the world, but America being a democracy, did not want that. The first ten years were somewhat interesting. On February 4 1945, there was a Yalta Conference, a wartime meeting between the heads of government from the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union, and the Cold War began. Right after that, Germany surrendered to the Red Army in Berlin. On August 6, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and killed 80,000 people. Then three days after, the United States dropped another bomb on Nagasaki that killed 70,000. Shortly after that, the Japanese surrendered and that was the end of World War II. Winston Churchill had issued warnings about the Soviets in 1946 and first used the term iron curtain. This term was used to describe how the Soviets had wanted power. 1946 was also the year Josef Stalin made a very hostile speech, claiming communism and capitalism couldnt live in peace. In June of 1947, the Marshall Plan was announced. This plan set a precedent for helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition. That same year, the Rio Pact was established. This was a security zone around the hemisphere with the 19 Latin American countries. Between June 1948 and September 1949, Britain and America were struggling to keep West Berlin supplied through aircraft, since the Soviet government closed all ground traffic. That year, they made 277,000 flights to carry products. In March of 1948, Truman started a Loyalty Program which was made to catch Cold War spies. Then, in that same year the Brussels Pact was made to protect Europe from communism. In 1949, China became a communist country because Mao Zedong took over. He then established the Peoples  Republic of China. In June of 1950, the Korean War started and Stalin supported North Korea and gave them Soviet weapons to invade South Korea. The war in Korea ended two years later, though. In 1951 the Federal Defense Administration was established which was a program that spread information about communism and the threat of attacks. March 1954 was when KGB (Committee for State Security) was established. KGB was the national security of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In May of 1955 the Warsaw Pact was established. This pact was a mutual defense treaty between the eight communist states of Eastern Europe during the Cold War. During these ten years, there were a few treaties and some different experimental things done, also some different groups were made just for this one huge war. The next 10 years (1956-65) didnt have as many exciting things happen. In 1956, there was a rebellion in Communist Hungary. Then after that in 1957, Sputnik was launched into space and Laika died in space. In 1958, Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War, made the Soviet troops withdrawal from Berlin. Khrushchev then visited the United States in 1959 which caused the Kitchen Debate. This was a debate between Nixon and Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition. In 1960, the Soviets revealed that there had been a United States plane shot down over Soviet territory. This year was also the year John F. Kennedy was elected president of the United States. Cuba aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies that same year. The Bay of Pigs invasion happened in 1961, this invasion was by CIA trained exiles of Cuba into southern Cuba to try to overthrow the government, but it was unsuccessful. In 1962 the United States becomes more involved in the Vietnam War to keep communist takeover of South Vietnam as a strategy of containment. That was the same year of the Cuban missile crisis between the Soviet Union and Cuba and the United States, it lasted thirteen days. November of 1963 was a sad month because President Kennedy was assassinated, probably because of a conspiracy. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was in 1964 which was a confrontation between North Vietnam and the United States. In 1965 some United States marines were sent to the Dominican Republic to fight Communism. These 10 years were not very exciting but there were a few important events that changed the United States. From 1966 to 1975, not much happened. It was kind of a dull period compared to the last twenty years. In 1967 the United Stated Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara admitted that the United States bombing raids had failed to meet their objectives. Richard Nixon was elected for president and North Korea captured U.S.S. Pueblo the year after. The USS Pueblo was a United States spy ship and it is still currently being held captive by Korea, though it is a museum now. Then, in 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the moon which had Neil Armstrong in it. He was the first person to step on the moon and it was a great accomplishment in US history. In 1970 Nixon spread the Vietnam War to Cambodia. The Pentagon papers were signed the year after in 1971. These papers were a United States history of its involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1972 not only did Nixon visit China, but SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talk) was signed; this was between the two Cold War superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control. The United States supported coup overthrew the Chilean government in 1973. The year after that, Nixon resigned but since then he has been the only president to ever resign. In 1975 North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam who then fell into communism. I do not know why these ten years were so boring, but they were even though they ended in another country falling into communism. The next ten years from 1976 to 1985 were even duller than the ones before. It started off with the Soviet Union and Cuba forcing Angola to become a communist state. In 1979, SALT II was signed. This time it was just an experimental negotiation about curtailing the manufacturing of nuclear weapons. The same year SALT II was signed, the Soviet forces invaded Afghanistan and the United States and China established diplomatic relations. In 1980, Polish shipyard workers started a strike and the Solidarity Union was formed, which was the first non-communist trade union in Warsaw Pact territory, and the strike leader, Lech Walesa, was elected as the head of the Solidarity Union. Three years later, President Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative. That initiative was created to protect the United States from nuclear missile attacks. In that same year, United States troops invaded and overthrew the regime in Grenada and ended  in a victory. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union and initiated a campaign of increased openness and transparency in government institutions called glasnost and a political movement within the Soviet Union called perestroika in 1985. As you can see, not much happened during these ten years but there were still some interesting things that happened. The last five years were when quite a few countries became independent after so long. In 1986 President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe. Then in the year after that, Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles. This meant that the war was coming to a close and things were becoming less violent. The Soviet groups with drawled from Afghanistan in 1989. Poland and Hungary both become independent and communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania, the Soviet empire declined in this year as well. Russia got a new president; Boris Yeltsin, in 1990 also. Another country became independent a year later, Lithuania. Germany also became reunited during this year. In 1991, the Warsaw Pact ended which meant the Cold War was over and the Soviet Union was done for, the end of it all. The Cold War was something terrible that happened between the United States and the Soviet Union for a stupid reason. It caused a lot of problems and different wars throughout the world just because they were too afraid to fight face to face but, it did not cause a huge amount of deaths. The Cold War was not really the kind of war that killed people; it was more of a war on which country could develop faster. This war could have been easily prevented but I guess some things just have to happen. A 45 year war for only one thing. Power. Works Cited Cold War. enotes. n.d. Web. 20 May, 2012. Cold War Timeline. History Timelines. n.d. Web. 20 May, 2012. Pillai, Prabhakar Causes and Effects of the Cold War. Buzzle. n.d. 21 May, 2012. Timeline of the Cold War. Think Quest. n.d. Web. 20 May 2012. Wikipedia.org.

American And Korean Student Culture

American And Korean Student Culture In the current essay we will review the Cultural differences between American students and Korean students. In the modern world cultural relations are very important. Due to the globalization countries cooperate more closely and build new relationships built on the current trends. Although the cultural differences are considerable, there are many common things that can be found in different cultures. Modern people have almost unique goals in several areas, as the majority of the population wants to study and then to find a job that will suit a person. There are certain differences between American and Korean student in culture and other aspects. For example, according to Kara Miller (2009), among American students very often there is no change in effort and no improvement in time management. Cultural differences between American students and Korean students Often, it is difficult to balance studying and playing games and staying online. By the time students are in college, habits can be tough to change. If youre used to playing video games like Modern Warfare or Halo all night, how do you fit in four hours of homework? Or rest up for class? Sometimes, even foreign students do better in studies and have more intentions to study and to learn the foreign language. According to Kara Miller (2009), Too many 18-year-old Americans, meanwhile, text one another under their desks (certain they are sly enough to go unnoticed), check e-mail, decline to take notes, and appear tired and disengaged. There are many distractions and less discipline among American students, as stated in My lazy American students. It can be said that because of the certain aspects of the American culture, American students enjoy communication, they are used to using the technologies that are always near, and studying has to be diverse and interesting. That is why there ca n be seen clear differences between American students and students in other countries. Of course all American students are different, and many of them are talented, hard-working, they listen intently and pay attention to studies. The majority of American students use their knowledge, innovative approaches, which results in a creative work. These peculiarities belong to American students. Although, the creativity without knowledge does not bring any benefits. In 2007 it was reported that eighth graders in even our best-performing states like Massachusetts scored below peers in Singapore, South Korea, and Japan, while students in our worst-performing states like Mississippi were on par with eighth graders in Slovakia, Romania, and Russia., according to the American Institutes for Research. Also, there is a knowledge gap and the lack of the basic knowledge among American students. They prefer to concentrate only on what they are interested in and they do not want to know a little about everything. It can be also said that the time management is considered a problem among American students. They spend a lot of time going somewhere, even late at night. It is the way of life and the aspect of the culture that has to be accepted. Missing studies by different reasons is not a way out, as the best way to study is in the classroom. In 2002, it was found that most 18- to 24-year-olds could not find Afghanistan, Iraq, or Japan on a map, ranking them behind counterparts in Sweden, Great Britain, Canada, Italy, Japan, France, and Germany., according to National Geographic-Roper survey. It is sad that some students are not interested in the outer world, as they are focused on their problems and several topics that they are interested in. According to Kara Miller (2009), success is in the time management and in a globalizing economy, Americans inability to stay focused and work hard could prove to be a serious problem. Working hard is the main principle that has to be present in each culture in each country. In comparison with the American students, it is believed that Korean students make more efforts to study better and better, and finally succeed. Korean students are more responsible in their studies and they are not used to distract on other things. They are used to concentrate on studies and then to do everything else, as this is the rules of the implemented culture. According to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010) , Korean students spend up to 14 hours a day in some form of education, including after school classes, studying with a tutor or taking supplementary courses, such as English, Chinese, Music, and Maths.- Jeonju, South Korea. 24/01/2010. Studying for so long is determined by the effects and the expected outcome in the future, in getting the best possible job and life. Also, Korea has a long cultural tradition that places a strong emphasis on higher education, which contributes to the students international success. A middle school teacher Mr. Bae says that Korea wants to be the first among other countries. From elementary to high school, Korean students spend up to 14 hours a day, including after school classes, studying with a tutor or taking supplementary courses, such as English, Chinese, music, and math at the local neighborhood hogwon., according to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010). As a fact, a Korean students life is dominated by the need to pass an exam to gain entry into a high school and getting a high score to gain admittance into a prestigious university. Korean students have to build character and independence by being responsible for their schools janitorial work, which includes taking out the garbage, sweeping, vacuuming, and cleaning the toilets., according to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010). The considerable influence on Korean students comes from their parents, their culture, traditions, goals in life and the main aims. According to some independent opinions, Korean students study better, as it depends on the importance given to education in general, parental commitment to their childrens education, teachers preparation, and the significance of mathematics for every students successful future., according to Woo Hyung Whang (2011). The culture of Korea values scholarship and Confucianism is also very influential. As well, Parental dedication to childrens education is remarkable in Korea which determines the success of Korean students and their desire to study. Encouragement to study is present in the Korean culture and it is valued very much, as well as the order in everything and true devotion. According to Study compares American students with other countries (2007) , Concern that science and math achievement was not keeping pace with the nations economic competitors had been building even before the most recent Times survey, in which the highest-performing nations were Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan. Today the level of competition among the countries is very high, and each country wants to ensure that its educational system is the best, the most effective and the most perspective. Promotion of education is extremely important and despite the cultural differences American and Korean students try to study better, to set goals and to succeed. It can be said that the culture has a considerable influence on studies, on students relation to them, and to the perspectives that may appear, as stated in Korean students flocking to Canada to study English (2006). I presume that it is important to respect both Korean and American culture, to use different approaches to educate students and to use various ways of evaluation of Korean and American students. It is important to create comfortable conditions for students and teachers, in order to provide a better educational process and to renew the intentions and desire of students to study more and better. Studying is important and cultural differences do not have to influence the educational process. All in all, it can be said that there have to be used different approaches according to cultural differences and peculiarities. Korean students should not be evaluated using the same way with American students. It is important to ensure that the evaluation will be different and that there will be used different approaches, more suitable for Koreans and American students. In some aspects there can be found considerable differences in the culture and the philosophy of the two countries, but the aim is the one- to study better.

Grande Bretagne Hotel; External business environment

Grande Bretagne Hotel; External business environment Strategic concepts in tourism, hospitality and events Individual assignment: Grande Bretagne Hotel Athens; External business environment INTRODUCTION No company in the world is working standalone and in isolation. That’s even more emphasised in the tourism industry where the location of the tourism companies follows the location of the tourism product, the tourism destination. A hotel can not be located standalone in a no attractive tourism destination and expect success, it should be as close to the epicentre of the tourism happening and movement. The problem is, every tourism company wants that, and they all have to compete in the saturated, consistent market with each other and with the environment like a whole. In this assignment we will discuss the challenges and implications of the external environment applied to our hospitality organisation of a choice based on the selected theoretical model. Further evaluate the competitive environment using the Porter’s Five Forces Model with closing recommendation for the future of the business. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CHOSEN SUPPLIER For the purpose of this assignment we had chosen the New Hotel Athens. New Hotel Athens (formerly Olympic Palace Hotel), along with 4 other hotels, is a part of Yes Hotels chain, and they are part of the worldwide Design Hotel company with more than 250 independent hotels in over 50 countries worldwide. (http://corporate.designhotels.com/about_design_hotels) Situated in Plaka area in central Athens, New Hotel is a 79 room establishment designed by the Brazilian award winning design duo Fernando and Humberto Campana. The hotel also sports exquisite all-day bar-restaurant, New taste, and Workshop Floor, meeting space with teleconference facilities. IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS ISSUES IN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (MACRO ANALYSIS) Business environment refers to those factors of the surrounding of business enterprise which have influence on the functioning of a business. The business cannot control these aspects but can respond to change if needed. This is also call macro environemnt. (http://books.google.gr/books?id=nfADHVmJkTUCpg=PA3dq=external+business+environmenthl=ensa=Xei=jiJvVNnjHJP5asqEgvgLredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=external%20business%20environmentf=true) External business environment Economic conditions Economic conditions are global as well as national, and when there is a global financial crisis as in 2007, and the recent one, changes in the external environment can be dramatic. Positive economic condition of the nation have also positive effect on their spending habits. And opposite, when the nation is suffering financial hardship, the money that will be spent for recreation and holidays will be less. Indirectly, the negative economic condition increase the unemployment rate and the interest rate and taxations. New Hotel Athens, operates within the EU and Greek economic environment. Considering the not so positive economic condition of the country and the Euro zone generally, we can say irrefutable that it reflects negatively on the business. After a calamitous recession in which the economy shrank by 30%, government debt now stands at 174% of GDP and the budget deficit last year was almost 13% of GDP (The Economist 2014). This leaded to aggressive rise of the taxes, increased interest rate for bank loans and credits and overall increase cost of the raw materials and imports. In the table below we can see the country’s economic freedom index and few other economy related facts and figures like, the the freedom of corruption, fiscal freedom, business, labour and trade freedom etc. (The Heritage Foundation 2014) Greece, Economic Freedom index 2014 Source The Heritage Foundation Regardless of the present adverse condition in the country, there is a positive forecast for the future economy of the country from international and domestic experts. High government official also promised a new taxation roadmap that would be unveiled in the future, with the maximum income tax cut to 32 per cent from 42 per cent and the corporate tax rate reduced to 15 per cent from 26 per cent. (ABC News 2014) Market (competition) The market/competition is a constantly amending factor in the external environment of the business. Not only that new competitors arise and other disappear, but also the existing ones are changing and adapting their marketing strategies, product lines and prices. Often those changes are not evident so the businesses must be alerted to what their competitors are doing. Our hotel is one of the 23, exclusive 5 star hotels in the central area of Athens, excluding Piraeus and Glyfada (Greekhotels.com 2014), and one of the 176, 5 star hotels in the country. (Hellenic Chamber of Hotels 2006). In that saturated market are included as well the big international players like Starwood, Intercontinental, Hilton and other hotel chains with great influence on the market and provide fierce competitiveness. But New Hotel Athens diversificate in many ways from the competition, and their business model follows the fresh market trends providing a product for a niche tourism clients. Technology In the last half a century, one of the rapid change factors in the external environment and the constant pusher on the businesses and organisations has been the technological change. If the don’t react sufficiently quick to this change, they can face with the risk of losing market shares. The technological change don’t affects only on the design of the products, but as well on the delivery of service. In the example with our hotel, we must say that this external factor is taken into consideration seriously, and even used for competitive advantage. The property is recently renovated according to the latest standards and trends, with implemented computer controlled in house systems, offering free WiFi to the customers (unlike most of the 5 star hotels), and having great interactive web page and social networks presence. Climate change Climate change is an insidious threat because the pace of change may be recognisable only if considered on a decade-by-decade basis. The effect of climate change will not fall equally on all nations and all businesses. Businesses that depend directly on a good supply of water e.g. agriculture, field sports will be adversely effected if climate change results in reduced rainfall. However the flow on affect of drought will eventually work their way through to all businesses in the affected community. Legal The most common law changes that affect business include Workplace Health and Safety, Consumer Protection, Industrial Relation and Environmental Law. But most obvious change in law through legislation is the taxation. Sometimes the taxation changes occur fast and with little warning and there is not much time for the business to prepare. The New Hotel Athens guests are protected by the general Greek consumer protection law for all transactions you make while travelling in the country. As enterprise, the hotel is obliged to issue written receipts, that safeguards the consumer in the event of any claim or dispute with the enterprises. (VisitGreece 2014) Media The significant changes in the technology and the rise of the internet, reflected on the media as well and changed it from ground up. That affected deeper on the external business environment. The old channel for communication where suffocated, altered and brand new ones appeared. The businesses had to embrace this change and adapt to it as fast as possible. New Hotel Athens following the modern media trends, had build extensive online presence all over the internet (as a medium). And had gained significant positive feedback. For example Trip Advisor, according to the votes by the customers, had awarded this hotel with the â€Å"Travelers Choice Award† for 2014 and had ranked it as number 7 out of 324 hotels in Athens. Except the booking sites, New Hotel Athens heavily uses the social media for promotion and communication with the customers and the public. Political Just like law, changes in the general government policy can be well notified and discussed or changes without notice. Many organisations depends on the government financial assistance and if there is a change in the government policy, those funding can be reduced or to completely disappear. Also any political instability in the country, leads to destabilisation of the society and have repellent effect on the tourism. For example the recent political crisis in Greece and the rise of the radicalism had negative impact on the tourism as a whole. Some of the media even scared out the tourists with warnings of racist attacks (Hamilton Spectator 2012). Or the few cases when the strict immigrants policy mistreated few tourists by the police in Athens (BBC 2013). Demographic The population changes include increasing or decreasing of the population, change in the age group proportion, change in the ethnic diversity, change in the number of two-income families, number of marriages and geographic population distribution. All those changes affects the external environment of a business. Human resources, security and mentality wise. New Hotel Athens operates in quite diversive demographic environment that just adds to the colourfulness of the business. USING THEORETICAL MODELS TO SUPPORT THE DISCUSSION PORTERS 5 FORCES (MICRO ANALYSIS) Porter five forces analysis is a framework to analyze level of competition within an industry and business strategy development. It includes three forces from horizontal competition and two forces from vertical competition. Porter referred to these forces as the micro environment, to contrast it with the more general term macro environment (Porter 1980). The Porter’s Five Forces is a powerful and simple tool for understanding where the power lies in a business situation. Conventionally, the tool is used to identify whether new products, services or businesses have the potential to be profitable. However it can be very illuminating when used to understand the balance of power in other situations. Porter’s 5 Forces (Source Wikimedia) Supplier Power: The bargaining power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of components, raw materials, labor, and services to the firm can provide power over the firm when there are few or no substitutes. Suppliers may refuse to provide those supplies to the firm or charge high prices for the unique resources. Potential factors are: Supplier switching costs, supplier concentration, degree of differentiation, substitute, labor unions, supplier competition etc. New Hotel Athens, being part of the YES Hotels chat and part of Design Hotel chain, can maintain wide supply chain due to the dispersed suppliers connection of the sister companies and the mother company. If there is leak of supplies from one source, they can easily switch to other supplier connected to some of the other properties or globally with the mother company, Design Hotel Chain. From FB materials to technology. Though, thats not applicable to the suppliers who provide unique supplies to the hotels. Buyer Power: The bargaining power of customers, is described also as the market of outputs. It is the ability of customers to make a pressure over business, therefore to affects the customers sensitivity to price changes. The companies can take measures to reduce buyer power, such as introducing a loyalty program and promotions. If the buyer have many alternatives then his power is high and opposite. Potential factors for this are: buyer concentration, buyers switching costs, buyer information, substitute products, barganing leverage, buyers price sensitivity etc. Competitive Rivalry: For most of industries the intensity, competitive rivalry is the biggest determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Potential factors includes: Innovation, advertising, competitive strategies, company concentration, degree of transparency etc. Threat of Substitution: The existence of different products that can satisfy the same need, can make the customers switch to alternatives. Potential factors here includes: the propensity to substitute, price performance of substitute, buyer switching costs, product differentiation, number of substitute products available, ease of substitution, quality depreciation etc. Threat of New Entry: Power is also influence by the ability of companies to enter the market. If it does not cost much time or money to enter the market and compete effectively, if there are few economies of scale in place, or if there is little protection of the key technologies, new competitors can quickly enter the market and weaken the existing business position.The following few factors can affect on how much new entrants can be a threat: existence of barriers to entry, government policy, capital requirements, absolute cost, economies of scale, product differentiation, brand equity, expected retaliation, access to distribution, customer loyalty, industry profitability etc. BASED ON THE ANALYSIS, FEW REALISTIC RECOMMENDATION FOR CHANGE Conducting macro and micro environmental analysis we can come up with some conclusion †¦

Strategic Analysis of Ryanair Essay -- European Carriers Business Airl

1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to carry out a strategic analysis of Ryanair. This will involve investigating the organisation’s external environment, to identify opportunities and threats it might face, and its strategic capability, to isolate key strengths and any weaknesses that need dealing with. Finally, a SWOT analysis will be carried out to assess the extent to which Ryanair’s strategies are suitable to what is happening in its task environment. Ryanair is Europe’s largest low-fares, no-frills short-haul carrier. The organisation was founded in 1985 as a conventional airline but re-launched itself in 1990/1991 as a low-cost carrier, replicating American Southwest Airlines’ business model. Since then Ryanair has grown substantially and successfully. The company currently has 146 routes to 84 destinations in 16 countries, and carries more than 15 million customers annually. Ryanair aims to be Europe’s largest airline in 8 years (www.ryanair.com). 2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT This is a crucial part of a strategic analysis because ‘†¦organisations do not exist in a vacuum, they are part of a complex world’ (Bowman 1987:61) and many factors can influence operations, beneficially and unfavourably. However, these can be difficult to comprehend due to their complexity, diversity and fast changing nature. Necessarily a number of techniques have been developed to facilitate the process and to ‘†¦contribute to answering the key managerial question†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢of what ‘†¦opportunities and threats might arise in the future’ (Johnson & Scholes 2002:99). 2.1 PESTEL analysis This identifies the main micro-environmental influences by classifying them into six groups: Political, Economical, Sociocultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal. By applying this framework to Ryanair it is possible to summarise the key forces in the general environment (see appendix A) likely to present opportunities and threats to the organisation (Johnson & Scholes 2002). Political  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœSaturday May 1 will mark one of the most important days in recent European history’ (http://europa.eu.int). The continent will see the biggest expansion of EU to date when ten states become new members. For Ryanair new markets will open which suits its growth plans (www.ryanair.com).  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stansted airport, owned by BAA, is one of the most rapidly growing airports i... ...al Times Gow, D. (16/02/04)’Ryanair plans zero frills and fares’, The Guardian Hotten, R. (13/03/04) ‘No-frills deal has impact on bmi’, The Times Insley, J. (18/01/04) ‘Happy New Year for second homes’, The Observer Insley, J. (08/02/04) ‘You can make it if you try’, The Observer Newman, C. (03/12/03) ‘Travellers face big rise in air passenger levy’, The Financial Times Pratley, N. (05/02/04) ‘Clipped Wings’, The Guardian Tait, N. (03/12/03) ‘Ryanair in court over wheelchair fee’, The Financial Times Tran, M. (03/02/04) ‘Ryanair’s airport subsidies’, The Guardian Wright, R. (01/12/03) ‘BA threat to sue if Stanstead gets runway’, The Financial Times PESTEL ANALYSIS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  APPENDIX A Political  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The expansion of the European Union (EU) ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BAA’s proposed Stanstead expansion ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CAA’s new regulations on airport charges Economical ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High oil prices Sociocultural ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing second-home ownership ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Europe’s increasingly ageing population  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technological ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New satellite technology Environmental ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Global emissions-trading scheme Legal  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The European Court of Justice ruling Strategic Analysis of Ryanair Essay -- European Carriers Business Airl 1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to carry out a strategic analysis of Ryanair. This will involve investigating the organisation’s external environment, to identify opportunities and threats it might face, and its strategic capability, to isolate key strengths and any weaknesses that need dealing with. Finally, a SWOT analysis will be carried out to assess the extent to which Ryanair’s strategies are suitable to what is happening in its task environment. Ryanair is Europe’s largest low-fares, no-frills short-haul carrier. The organisation was founded in 1985 as a conventional airline but re-launched itself in 1990/1991 as a low-cost carrier, replicating American Southwest Airlines’ business model. Since then Ryanair has grown substantially and successfully. The company currently has 146 routes to 84 destinations in 16 countries, and carries more than 15 million customers annually. Ryanair aims to be Europe’s largest airline in 8 years (www.ryanair.com). 2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT This is a crucial part of a strategic analysis because ‘†¦organisations do not exist in a vacuum, they are part of a complex world’ (Bowman 1987:61) and many factors can influence operations, beneficially and unfavourably. However, these can be difficult to comprehend due to their complexity, diversity and fast changing nature. Necessarily a number of techniques have been developed to facilitate the process and to ‘†¦contribute to answering the key managerial question†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢of what ‘†¦opportunities and threats might arise in the future’ (Johnson & Scholes 2002:99). 2.1 PESTEL analysis This identifies the main micro-environmental influences by classifying them into six groups: Political, Economical, Sociocultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal. By applying this framework to Ryanair it is possible to summarise the key forces in the general environment (see appendix A) likely to present opportunities and threats to the organisation (Johnson & Scholes 2002). Political  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœSaturday May 1 will mark one of the most important days in recent European history’ (http://europa.eu.int). The continent will see the biggest expansion of EU to date when ten states become new members. For Ryanair new markets will open which suits its growth plans (www.ryanair.com).  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stansted airport, owned by BAA, is one of the most rapidly growing airports i... ...al Times Gow, D. (16/02/04)’Ryanair plans zero frills and fares’, The Guardian Hotten, R. (13/03/04) ‘No-frills deal has impact on bmi’, The Times Insley, J. (18/01/04) ‘Happy New Year for second homes’, The Observer Insley, J. (08/02/04) ‘You can make it if you try’, The Observer Newman, C. (03/12/03) ‘Travellers face big rise in air passenger levy’, The Financial Times Pratley, N. (05/02/04) ‘Clipped Wings’, The Guardian Tait, N. (03/12/03) ‘Ryanair in court over wheelchair fee’, The Financial Times Tran, M. (03/02/04) ‘Ryanair’s airport subsidies’, The Guardian Wright, R. (01/12/03) ‘BA threat to sue if Stanstead gets runway’, The Financial Times PESTEL ANALYSIS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  APPENDIX A Political  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The expansion of the European Union (EU) ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BAA’s proposed Stanstead expansion ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CAA’s new regulations on airport charges Economical ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High oil prices Sociocultural ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing second-home ownership ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Europe’s increasingly ageing population  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technological ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New satellite technology Environmental ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Global emissions-trading scheme Legal  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The European Court of Justice ruling

New England Nun :: essays research papers

Q: New England Nun: Louisa’s Final Decision vs Individualism Theme   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louisa faced a tough decision when Joe Dagget returns home because it seems like whatever love she had for him before he left has faded and now she views her wedding as more of a chore. If she is going to marry someone, it shouldn’t be because of a decision made many years ago, it should be made because she truly loves that person and is willing to spend her whole life with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order for her to marry Joe, she would need to devote her whole life and way of living to suit him and his needs. It seems throughout the story that she very much enjoys the way her life is right now. She enjoys being alone and doing things in a rather methodical way as opposed to having a husband to please and clean up after. It wouldn’t be noble for her to marry Joe and not mean it. Then she would suffer through the marriage, not being free to do what she really wants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary E. Wilkins used Louisa’s character to project the idea of Individualism. As part of the main them, Louisa goes through her everyday life, dependent on nobody but herself. She also shows her Individualism in the decision she makes to not marry Joe after she hears that he loves Lily Dyer. I think that all she needed was an excuse to get out of the marriage because she wasn’t really fit to be married and share her life with another individual, she was meant to live alone and fend for herself. Throughout the story, Individualism plays a huge role by describing how she has her own routine of sewing and cooking and using her best china to eat. She needs the help of noone and getting married would mean she has someone else to look after and would have to put her own needs second.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ending, in my opinion was a happy one because everyone got what the truly wanted out of it.

Human Trafficking and how the Global Community can Mitigate the Practice Essay

Human trafficking is a type of illicit trade in humans which is carried out globally for the purpose of sexual slavery or exploitation and forced labor. It is one of the most booming business and fastest growing criminal enterprise around the world. The most affected population is women and children and the global community is charged with the responsibility of responding urgently to issues related to human trafficking. A number of approaches can be utilized by the international community to curb the problem of human trafficking. The most important approaches include the human rights approach, enhanced research into the problem of human trafficking, encouraging international judicial and the police cooperation as well as the community integration in the fight against human trafficking and providing support and assistance to victims of human trafficking (International Organization for Migration, 2008). One of the approaches that can help mitigate human trafficking is the human rights approach where the root causes of human trafficking such as patriarchal structures and gender based violence need to be brought into the limelight. These elements have been shown to favor several incidents of human trafficking particularly among the women. Policies and legislation on equal opportunities can help strengthen and protect the social and legal position of children and women and address gender and age discrimination. Support programs should be stepped up to strengthen efforts of fighting poverty and marginalization among vulnerable populations such as the girl child and women (Morrison, 2010). The global community should be keen not to confuse the fight against human trafficking with the fight against illicit immigration as there is need to scrutinize ways of increasing gainful, non-exploitative and legal migration of labor for the purpose of globalization. Education provision to vulnerable groups and creation of campaigns among the targeting clients can help reduce human trafficking (Morrison, 2010). The global community can combat human trafficking by encouraging research which will provide sufficient data and form a starting point of tackling the problem. Extensive research will indicate the scale of human trafficking and the mechanisms of exploitations. Information on human trafficking should be made available and this information should be shared bilaterally and multilaterally in order to facilitate good research on the problem (UNGIFT, 2009). Research on counter-trafficking responses will form a crucial component of combating human trafficking. This research will examine the reasons why clients of trafficked humans prefer the trade and check ways on solving the clients’ requirements. There should also be an extensive research that will focus on the needs of the vulnerable groups who mainly include women and children (UNGIFT, 2009). Another approach that can be used by the global community to combat human trafficking is the judicial and police cooperation which include the fight of corruption, checking on the investigative methods, exchange and specialization measures and legislative recommendations. The law should always ensure that there is protection of the witnesses and the victims, prohibit prostitute exploitation, ban illegal work and regulate national territory residence so as to combat such trafficking. There should be an introduction of adequate penalties into international and national legislation for such crimes that involve trafficking and other related offenses. Confidential and parallel investigation of the suspected traffickers’ financial affairs should be followed when identifying, sequestrating and confiscating the assets and proceeds of the human traffickers (UNGIFT, 2009). These should be legal provisions which may include the financial institution taking the legal duty to disclose any suspected transaction of money laundering to the agencies of law enforcement. However, the financial institution should not disclose any police enquires into the affairs of the suspect’s finances. The international community should ensure that states have legislations to assure the victims the right to secure and seek compensations for the harm and injuries they suffer during trafficking. Additionally, there should be direct contact between the judicial authorities and effective service of law enforcement for the purpose of speeding up information exchange in investigation process and having mutual legal support (UNGIFT, 2009). The approach of victim assistance and protection can help combat human trafficking. There should be an establishment of sufficient study and research to identify the trafficked victim and the traffickers’ profiles. This may include the design of key indicators of trafficking design matrix which can be used by the border personnel and the front-line police to assist them in distinguishing between the irregular migrant and the trafficked victims. The victims have to be provided with access to the support measures of all ranges such as shelter, sexual, psychological and physical health support and care. There should also be legal, social and independent health counseling to equip them with skills which will ensure that they avoid any future human trafficking predisposing factors (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007). The global community can play a major role in combating incidents of human trafficking. This can be done by setting up rules and proving enabling environment that will discourage such crimes in the society. The approaches which look into the needs of both the traffickers and the trafficked individuals tend to strike a balance between caring both the offended and the offender as both are members of the community. Several organizations such as the United Nations have so far invested efforts to fight human trafficking although the cases of the illegal trade continue to be reported. This calls for more integrated approach which will involve the community, the victims and even the criminals of human trafficking.

Bigotry in Sitcoms: All in the Family

The impact of media communication on b all(prenominal) club is interpreted by its audiences based on numerous factors. All in the Family was ane of the first sitcoms that displayed bigotry in an establish forum. Audiences interpreted the express based on their specific in terms of any dominant or oppositional. Audiences interpretations were based on their individual enchants or beliefs. Writing intend to have the reader perceive a specific Idea or ruling Is known as preferred recital.Producers and writers show for their audiences to interpret their material In a specific way. If their knowledge is assorted than the mean view this is known as oppositional version or decoding. Oppositional Readings Dominant and The case of Archie maw is represented as a conservative, superior patriotic, working class American who is a bigot. Both a dominant and oppositional view Is perceived depending upon the viewing audience. It was the Intent of producers and writers to contain bigot ry out In the equal to(p) where people would laugh rather than absorb offense.Archie was considered a bigot who was admired for his candid flare by some while others were suitable to accept it as amorous. Some viewing audience revere Archie for his racialist viewpoint, while others applaud the show for making fun of Bigotry (Vulgar and Reach). The article, archly Bunkers Bigotry A Study In Selective lore and Exposure reveals an oppositional reading In which viewing audience perceive mike as the opposition. Mike provides rebuttals to Archives derogatory slurs and racist remarks. The show gives the viewer a character they can relate to based on their selective perception. Avider and Reach). Archie Bunkers Attitude Archie shows he is definitely without a bout racist by and through his vocal comments and physical expressions In the television system clip, Hollywood Knows the Truth Opt. 1 archly Bunker In All in the Family. Archie classifies specific races, genders and ethn ic backgrounds Into categories. Some of his verbal remarks included colored as Jews and elaboration people, Mike, as anathemas. Archives expressions during the toasting scene displayed different reactions when Barney drank out of his glass versus his reaction to Sammy Davis Jar. vibrancy out of the same glass. Archie didnt want to sop up after a colored humanity. Archie asks Sammy if he thinks he Is impairment. Sammy responds sarcastically, muff can aver the difference between black and gaberdine (Hollywood Knows the Truth Opt. 1 archly Bunker In All In the Family). Finally, when Sammy gets ready to leave, he asks Archives friend to understand a picture of him and Archie. As the man snaps the picture, Sammy kisses Archie on the cheek. Archives expression said it all Throughout the video clip Archie tries to base to himself and everyone else he is not racist.No matter how overmuch he tried to play it if, everyone was assured of his feeling on racism through his verbal comm ents and physical expressions. Selective Perception and Exposure unaware selective perception Ana exposure, unprejudiced viewers perceive Archie as a dumb bigoted hardhat. The prejudice viewer perceives Mike as a long haired, lazy anathema Pollock. In selective perception prejudice viewers are more apt to applaud the show for its satire while high school prejudice viewers enjoy the humor. Therefore, the show is viewed equally with allowing for opposite perceptions.

Cooperative Learning Advantages for English Language Learners

conjunct seeing is delineate as some(prenominal) assembly larning dynamicness organized in such a manner that contactment is dependent on the soci aloney structured exchange of schoolman fill all(prenominal)(prenominal) office dear(p) as opposite information mingled with the specific free radical of scholars, and whereas to each one undivided scholar is account equal for his/her ain attainment ( Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ) . Furthermore, Kagan ( 2002 1994 ) states that conjunctive eruditeness testament at long last take to additions in the encyclopedism of some otherwise members in the mathematical group. Kagan postulates ( 2002 ) that concert acquirement is an first-class mail instruction scheme that promotes enhanced larning for diverse pupil populations and is protrudeicularly good for side lingual dialogue scholars. Noyes ( 2010 ) further provinces that side of meat lingual converse scholars take leave-taking in concerted larning groups n on precisely step-up over all fear of the side lingual communication, they at any rate expose deeper apprehension of pedantic content every bit good as faculty member lingual communication. go on research from Cummins ( 2009 ) suggest that pupils with diverse larning abilities, including pupils with larning disablements reform their accomplishments done the natural staging schemes give in concerted acquisition groups.What is conjunctive Learning?Concerted propensity is fundamentally a instruction method that utilizes littler groups of pupils or squads where, each pupil has a specific occupation or handicraft in the group. The teacher structures pupils of assorted index degrees in a little group, so that effectual staging for the face lingual communication scholar pass on subjoin and heighten pupil larning. Students of different talent degrees participate in a sort of larning activities designed by the instructor to fracture their overall apprehension of s pecific pedantic content or capable ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . Additionally, each member of the squad is responsible for a specific part of the content, still is anyway compelled to assist other members of the group learn the needed content aim ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . blush modern-day research suggests that concerted acquisition creates favourable larning results for incline linguistic communication scholars ( Murray, 2010 ) . Furthermore, by delegating unequivocal occupations or projects to each pupil, the group as a whole plant through the fitting and/or undertaking until each group member is able to prosperously nab the exercise and addition deeper apprehension of activity ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) .Cooperative acquisition has 4 sanctioned rules with the acronym PIES. The P stands for positive mutuality, the I stands for iodine answerability, the E stands for equal engagement, and the S stands for coincident inte raction ( Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . Kagan ( 1994 ) states that if any one of these quad BASIC rules is non implemented, no concerted acquisition will be involved. thitherfore, it is indispensable that all four rules are utilized for the academician content country in sight for concerted acquisition to happen with fidelity. Therefore, it is substantial that the instructor to the full understands the basic four basic rules and chorus from extinguishing any of the cardinal constituents of concerted acquisition ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . twain Kagan ( 2002 ) and Sharan ( 2010 ) further province that the concerted acquisition a priori account leads to additions and expeditious apprehension for English linguistic communication scholars because group un indite treatments lead to additions in the practice session of the English linguistic communication through both colloquial duologue every bit good as written linguistic communication. By leting pupils to utilize and substantiate academic English conversations for pupils whose primary linguistic communication is non English, their develop more significant experience with the English linguistic communication, which in bend, leads to higher order believing accomplishments ( Sharan, 2010 Shaaban, 2006 Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ) .Concerted acquisition is rather different from the involve educational activity learning theoretical account, every bit good as other traditional teaching methods. Traditional carryion relies on the instructor to leave civilise burster or talk to the pupils, term they sit exsertively, purportedly absorbing academic information in their encephalons, every bit good as understanding the English linguistic communication. However, even though the instructor may be patterning academic English linguistic communication throughout direct direction, research indicates that there are further excessively few kick downstairss to utilize the English linguistic communicat ion for pupils whose primary linguistic communication is non English. Besides, with traditional instruction theoretical accounts, diverse scholars have small chance to increase academicvocabulary and content ( Chang, 2008 Gaith and Bouzeineddine, 2003 ) .Concerted Learning and English row Acquisition for ELLsAs antecedently mentioned, by utilizing concerted acquisition constructions, the English linguistic communication scholar will develop and better their overall English linguistic communication ( Cummins, 2009 Shaaban, 2006 Kagan, 2002 ) . When farther analyzed, Sharan ( 2010 ) states that English linguistic communication scholars use the English linguistic communication in its natural context. Further, utilizing the English linguistic communication to heighten practicable interaction and real-life conversations increases understanding and increases transference. Besides, pupils working unitedly in concerted acquisition constructions hunt down to modify their degree of add ress to guinea pig each other ( Murray, 2010 Chang, 2008 ) . Plus, pupils in concerted grouping are able to chant their ain English linguistic communication end product to guarantee that each squad member comprehends and understands each other ( Sharan, 2010 Kagan, 2002 ) . Another linguistic communication social welfare for English linguistic communication scholars is they are speaking to a group member, as opposed to the full category, which allows the English linguistic communication scholars to derive some self-reliance with English. When concerted acquisition is implemented suitably, the squad members are supportive of one other during English linguistic communication acquisition ( Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 Kagan, 2002 ) .Other Benefits for English Language LearnersThere are several(prenominal) other benefits to cooperative larning for English linguistic communication scholars in add-on to greater academic accomplishment. Kagan ( 2002 ) states that pupils in concerted co nstructions develop improved self-assertion and beef up their societal accomplishments in category. Furthermore, pupils build community in their schoolroom by cultivating societal relationships and credence of pupils from other ethnicities or pupils with disablements ( Cummins, 2009 ) . With active pupil engagement, concerted larning Fosters change magnitude enthusiasm for the category, school, and instruction ( Murray, 2010 ) . direction CautionsTeachers must be aware of the basic principals of concerted acquisition and really pass instructional clip learning the pupils how to in effect utilize non merely the scheme, but besides their single functions and duties ( Noyes, 2010 ) . The instructor is responsible for non merely academic content, but must testify that the concerted group ( s ) will forbear from any negative remarks or comments directed toward any teammate and/or work merchandise. Students must experience unattackable and secure in the concerted acquisition construc tion in order to accomplish maximal benefit and deeper apprehension of academic content ( Kagan, 2002 Kagan, 1994 ) . It is besides critical that all pupils understand their function in the group, every bit good as group and instructor outlooks ( Sharan, 2010 ) . Another consideration the instructor must turn to is the noise degree in the schoolroom. Good schoolroom direction is important for optimal pupil success. The instructor will hold to supervise the groups to be certain that pupils are on undertaking and that each squad member is an active participant. Furthermore, pupils need to actively listen every bit good as participate ( Noyes, 2010 Kagan, 2002 ) .DecisionCooperative acquisition has been the radical of more research that continues today. Cummins ( 2009 ) posits that pupils have much higher happenings of unwritten English linguistic communication use throughout the instructional twenty-four hours when utilizing concerted acquisition schemes. Noyes ( 2010 ) concurs wi th several research workers sing the many benefits of concerted larning with English linguistic communication scholars. By leting pupils to actively listen and take part in group acquisition, the belief among nifty research workers is that concerted acquisition will shut the accomplishment spread so that all pupils will be able to win in school and so travel on to go successful members of the community. Concerted acquisition Teachs pupils non merely increased English linguistic communication accomplishments, but besides societal accomplishments, credence and margin of others, increased pupil duty, and additions in self-pride ( Sharan, 2010 Cummins, 2009 Kagan, 2002 ) .